Personal and Impersonal Passive

The verbs think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.

Active:        People believe that he lied in court. 
Passive:      1. It is believed (that) he lied in court. (impersonal)
                  It + passive + that-clause
                  2. He is believed to have lied in court. (personal)
                  Subject + passive + to-infinitive

Active:       They expect him to arrive soon. 
Passive:     3. It is expected (that) he will arrive soon. (impersonal)
                It + passive + that-clause  
                4. He is expected to arrive soon. (personal)
                Subject + passive + to-infinitive

Present active:
People believe that Mr Brown owns a lot of land in the north.
Present personal passive construction:
Mr Brown is believed to own a lot of land in the north.

Future active:
People expect that a new law will be introduced next year.
Future personal passive construction:
A new law is expected to be introduced next year.

Past active:
People believed that Mr Brown owned a lot of land in the north.
They thought that the prisoners had escaped.
Present personal passive construction:
Mr Brown was believed to have owned a lot of land in the north.
The prisoners were thought to have escaped.

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